封面 书名页 版权页 前言 目录页 Chapter 1 Ionic Liquids 1.1 Ionic liquids 1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 A brief history of ionic liquids 1.2 Properties of ionic liquids 1.2.1 Why are ionic liquids liquid? 1.2.2 Viscosity 1.2.3 Low volatility 1.2.4 Conductivity 1.2.5 Solvation properties 1.3 Synthesis of ionic liquids 1.3.1 Materials 1.3.2 Instrumentation 1.3.3 Imidazolium-based ionic liquids 1.3.4 Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids 1.3.5 Pyridinium-based ionic liquids 1.4 Dissolution of metal catalysts in ionic liquids 1.4.1 The addition of phosphine ligands 1.4.2 The formation of phosphineimidazolylidene palladium complexes 1.5 Ionic liquids analysed in this book 1.6 Catalysis in ionic liquids References Chapter 2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 2.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 2.1.1 Principle 2.1.2 Experimental set-up 2.1.3 Vacuum environment 2.1.4 Charge neutralisation 2.1.5 Data interpretation 2.2 XPS experiment 2.2.1 Instrument 2.2.2 Sample preparation and transfer 2.2.3 Information depth 2.2.4 Data processing 2.2.5 XP Spectrum 2.2.6 XPS analysis 2.2.7 Charge correction 2.2.8 Auger Parameter 2.3 XPS of ionic liquids References Chapter 3 XPS of Pure Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Mixtures 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Varying the cation 3.2.1 Imidazolium-based ionic liquids 3.2.2 Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids 3.2.3 Pyridinium-based ionic liquids 3.2.4 Comparison of imidazolium, pyrrolidinium and pyridinium based ionic liquids 3.3 Varying the anion 3.3.1 Acetate-based imidazolium ionic liquids 3.3.2 Effect of the anion on the cation 3.4 Ionic liquid mixture 3.4.1 Imidazolium-based ionic liquid mixture 3.4.2 Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid mixture 3.4.3 Pyridinium-based ionic liquid mixture 3.5 Conclusions References Chapter 4 XPS of Solute-solvent Interaction in Ionic Liquids 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Formation of a phosphineimidazolylidene palladium complex 4.3 Pd as a probe of solute-solvent interactions 4.4 Selection of anions: correlation of binding energy to established metrics 4.5 Can the solvent environment be tuned? 4.6 Can anion basicity impact on the reaction rate? 4.6.1 Suzuki cross coupling reaction 4.6.2 Correlation of binding energy with reaction rate 4.6.3 The catalytic activity of the palladium centre in ionic liquid mixture 4.7 Conclusions References Chapter 5 XPS of Metal-ligand Interaction in Ionic Liquids 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Detection of the rhodium centre in solution 5.3 Formation of the mono-phosphine rhodium complex 5.4 Investigation of the chelated diphosphine rhodium complex 5.5 Correlation of reaction selectivity and binding energy 5.6 Conclusions References Appendix A XP Spectra ..更多